Modal Verbs
Modal and Modal Phrases (Semi-Modals)
A modal is a type of auxiliary (helping) verb that is used to express: ability, possibility, permission or obligation. Modal phrases (or semi-modals) are used to express the same things as modals, but are a combination of auxiliary verbs and the preposition to. The modals and semi-modals in English are:
- Can/could/be able to
- May/might
- Shall/should
- Must/have to
- Will/would
Can, Could, Be Able To
Can, could and be able to are used to express a variety of ideas in English:
Ability/Lack of Ability
Present and Future:
can/can’t + base form of the verb
- Tom can write poetry very well.
- I can help you with that next week.
- Lisa can’t speak French.
am / is / are / will be + able to + base form of the verb
am not/ isn’t / aren’t/ won’t be + able to + base form of the verb
am not/ isn’t / aren’t/ won’t be + able to + base form of the verb
- Mike is able to solve complicated math equations
- The support team will be able to help you in about ten minutes.
- I won’t be able to visit you next summer.
Past:
could / couldn’t + base form of the verb
- When I was a child I could climb trees.
was / were + able to + base form of the verb
wasn’t / weren’t + able to + base form of the verb
hasn’t / haven’t + been able to + base form of the verb
wasn’t / weren’t + able to + base form of the verb
hasn’t / haven’t + been able to + base form of the verb
- I wasn’t able to visit her in the hospital.
- He hasn’t been able to get in touch with the client yet.
Note: Can and could do not take an infinitive (to verb) and do not take the future auxiliary will.
- Incorrect: I can to help you this afternoon.
- Correct: I can help you this afternoon.
- Correct: I will (I’ll) be able to help you this afternoon.
Possibility / Impossibility
can / can’t + base form of the verb
- You can catch that train at 10:43.
- He can’t see you right now. He’s in surgery.
could + base form of the verb
- I could fly via Amsterdam if I leave the day before.
Ask Permission / Give Permission
Can + Subject + base form of the verb (informal)
- Can you lend me ten dollars?
Can + base form of the verb (informal)
- You can borrow my car.
Could + subject + base form of the verb (polite)
- Could I have your number?
- Could I talk to your supervisor please?
Make a suggestion – To make a suggestion use:
Could + base form of the verb (informal)
- You could take the tour of the castle tomorrow.
Exercises: Can, Could, Be able to
Fill in the correct form of can, could or be able to as in the examples.
- Ben could not help his little brother with his homework yesterday.
- Can I call you later tonight?
Answers:
May, Might
Formal Permission / Formal Prohibition
may / may not + base form of the verb
- You may start your exam now.
- You may not wear sandals to work.
Polite Request
May + subject + base form of the verb
- May I help you?
Possibility / Negative Possibility
may/ might + base form of the verb
- We may go out dinner tonight. Do you want to join us?
- Our company might get the order if the client agrees to the price.
may not / might not + base form of the verb
- Adam and Sue may not buy that house. It’s very expensive.
- They might not buy a house at all.
To Make a Suggestion (when there is no better alternative)
may as well / might as well + base form of the verb
- You may as well come inside. John will be home soon.
- We might as well take Friday off. There’s no work to be done anyway.
Polite Suggestion
might + base form of the verb
- You might like to try the salmon fillet. It’s our special today.
Exercises: May / Might
Fill in the correct form of may or might as in the example.
- May I sit here?
Answers:
Shall, Should, Ought to
To Offer of Assistance or Polite Suggestion (When you are quite sure of a positive answer)
Shall + subject + base form of the verb
- Shall we go for a walk?
Note: Shall is only used with I or we. It is used instead of will only in formal English.
To Offer of Assistance or Polite Suggestion (When you are not sure of a positive answer)
Should + subject + base form of the verb
- Should I call a doctor?
A Prediction or Expectation that Something Will Happen
should/shouldn’t + base form of the verb
- The proposal should be finished on time.
- I shouldn’t be late. The train usually arrives on time.
To Give Advice
should / ought to + base form of the verb
- You should check that document before you send it out.
- You ought to have your car serviced before the winter.
To Give Advice (about something you think wrong or unacceptable)
shouldn’t + base form of the verb
- James shouldn’t teach him words like those.
Exercises: Should, Shouldn’t, Ought To
Fill in should, shouldn’t or ought in the following sentences as in the example.
- He shouldn’t encourage such bad behavior.
Answers:
Must, Have to, Need to, Don’t have to, Needn’t
Necessity or Requirement
Present and Future:
must / have to / need to + base form of the verb
- You must have a passport to cross the border.
- Elisabeth has to apply for her visa by March 10th.
- I need to drop by his room to pick up a book.
Past:
had to / needed to + base form of the verb
- I had to work late last night.
- I needed to drink a few cups of coffee in order to stay awake.
Note: have to and need to are often used in the same context, but many times, need to is used to express something that is less urgent, something in which you have a choice.
Almost 100% Certain
must + base form of the verb
- Thomas has lived in Paris for years. His French must be very good.
To Persuade
must / have to + base form of the verb
- You must try this wine. It’s excellent.
- You have to visit us while you’re in town.
Prohibited or Forbidden
must not / mustn’t + base form of the verb
- You must not drive over the speed limit.
- You mustn’t leave medicines where children can get to them.
Lack of Necessity
don’t /doesn’t /didn’t + have to + base form of the verb
- You don’t have to park the car. The hotel valet will do it for you.
- Tim doesn’t have to go to school today. It’s a holiday.
- You didn’t have to shout. Everyone could hear you.
needn’t + base form of the verb
- You needn’t worry about me. I’ll be fine.
Exercises: Must, Have to, Need to, Don’t Have to, Needn’t
Fill in the blanks with one of these modals:
must, must not, have to, has to, don’t have to, doesn’t have to, needn’t as in the examples.
There may be more than one correct answer.
must, must not, have to, has to, don’t have to, doesn’t have to, needn’t as in the examples.
There may be more than one correct answer.
- Shira doesn’t have to drive to the airport. She’s going by taxi.
- You must speak politely to the customers.
Answers:
Modals: Will / Would
will / won’t + base form of the verb
- John will pick you up at 7:00am.
- Beth won’t be happy with the results of the exam.
Polite Request or Statement
Will / Would + base form of the verb
- Will you please take the trash out?
- Would you mind if I sat here?
- I’d (I would) like to sign up for your workshop.
Habitual Past Action
Would/Wouldn’t + base form of the verb
- When I was a child, I would spend hours playing with my train set.
- Peter wouldn’t eat broccoli when he was a kid. He loves it now.
Exercises: will, would
Fill in the blanks with one of the following words: will, won’t, would, wouldn’t.
- Will you please help me lift this box?
Answers:
Exercises – All Modals
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the following modals:
can, could, be able to, may, might, shall, should, must, have to, don’t have to, need to
– You may have to make the modals negative according to the context of the sentence.
– There may be more than one possibility.
can, could, be able to, may, might, shall, should, must, have to, don’t have to, need to
– You may have to make the modals negative according to the context of the sentence.
– There may be more than one possibility.
- He has to take his car to be serviced. The brakes are squeaking.
- Would you please save me a seat at the dinner event.
Answers:
Reference:
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